Tag: bible study

“She is more precious than rubies” (Proverbs 3:15) is one of the more familiar verses in Scripture. Rubies in the Bible are always associated with value and worth. But what is the precise meaning, history, and folklore behind rubies?

Rubies, a Precious Jewel 

According to the Gem Institute of America, rubies are precious gems classified as a red color variety of corundum stones. Most other colors of corundum are called sapphires. Rubies are sometimes known as a red sapphire. Some rubies are deep red, while others have a color of a reddish tinge. 

Classified with a Mohs hardness value of nine, rubies are the hardest minerals known to exist (only diamonds are harder). The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, located in Washington, D.C., houses one of the greatest collections of the world’s finest rubies.

Folklore Around Rubies 

The ruby has accumulated a host of legends over the centuries. According to the Gem Institute of America, early cultures treasured rubies for their similarity to the redness of the blood that flowed through their veins. They believed that rubies held the power of life. 

Ancient Hindus believed that those who offered fine rubies to their god Krishna were granted rebirth as emperors. Hindus divided rubies into four categories, calling the true Oriental ruby a Brahmin. Someone in possession of a Brahmin was believed to have the advantage of perfect safety.

People in India believed that rubies enabled their owners to live in peace with their enemies. In Burma (a ruby source since at least 600 AD), warriors possessed rubies to make them invincible in battle. Like all reddish gemstones that resembled the color of blood, this gemstone was thought to make the wearer invincible to wounds. 

According to “The Curious Lore of Precious Stones”, people in antiquity believed that rubies (like diamonds) were created by a bolt of lightning. They also believed that a real ruby generated light from within the red stone itself.

Rubies in the Bible 

Rubies appear less than a dozen times in the Bible in three contexts: virtuous women, the value of wisdom, and as a precious stone. Interestingly, the New Testament does not reference rubies.

According to Easton’s Bible Dictionary, the exact meaning of the Hebrew word in the Old Testament is uncertain. Some render the original word as ruby, red coral, pearl, and even mother of pearl.

The Hebrew word “odem” used in Ezekiel 28 is uniquely translated as ruby: “You were in Eden, God’s garden. You were covered with gold and every precious stone: carnelian, topaz, and moonstone; beryl, onyx, and jasper stone; lapis lazuli, turquoise, and emerald” (Ezekiel 28:13). 

1. A Virtuous Woman

The book of Proverbs mentions rubies twice, both in context to the value or price of a virtuous woman:

• “She is more precious than rubies; nothing you desire can compare with her” (Proverbs 3:15). 
• “A wife of noble character who can find? She is worth far more than rubies” (Proverbs 31:10). 

The unambiguous meaning is that a capable wife and the kind of woman with strength of character and true wisdom is a worthy woman. Such a positive affirmation for godly women! 

2. Value of Wisdom

Scripture also provides analogies between the value of wisdom and rubies:

• “Coral and jasper are not worthy of mention; the price of wisdom is beyond rubies” (Job 28:18). 
• “For wisdom is more precious than rubies, and nothing you desire can compare with her” (Proverbs 8:11).
• “Gold there is, and rubies in abundance, but lips that speak knowledge are a rare jewel” (Proverbs 20:15). 

Wisdom means far more than simply making good decisions. Rather, it encompasses God’s way of applying His wisdom to every area of our lives. After all, “the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge” (Proverbs 1:17, 9:10)

3. A Precious Stone

Finally, the Bible references rubies as basically a precious stone. The ruby was one of the stones mentioned in the high priest’s breastplate: “You shall mount on it four rows of stones: the first row shall be a row of ruby, topaz, and emerald” (Exodus 28:17).

Rubies are also mentioned in Isaiah 54 in verses referencing the eternal covenant of peace: “And I will make your battlements of rubies, and your gates of beryl stones, and all your walls of precious stones” (Isaiah 54:12). 

Merchant traders offered rubies as part of their goods to buyers: “Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of thy handiworks: they traded for thy wares with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies” (Ezekiel 27:16). 

Value of Rubies 

Rubies are precious gemstones treasured around the world as a valuable jewel. The color of the ruby and its high value make rubies one of the most valuable gemstones in the world. 

The Sunrise Ruby is the most expensive in the world. This 25.59-carat rare jewel holds two records. First, it’s the most expensive ruby in the world valued at over $30 million. Second, it’s the most expensive colored gemstone in the world. 

The Sunrise Ruby is a Burmese ruby with the ideal “Pigeon’s Blood” red variety color. Currently, it is encased in a ring of fine gold surrounded by diamond settings of stones. 

Bottom Line

Rubies have been classified as one of the most precious stones created by God. Time has not diminished people’s desire to own a multitude of rubies. Rubies continue to be one of the most sought-after gems in the world. 

Most importantly, God’s Word remains steadfast that rubies represent the value of wisdom and virtuous women. 

Related Posts:

• Bible References to Ziz: Ancient Road or Mythical Monster?
• Inspiring Bible Verses to Encourage New Christians
• Powerful Prayer for God’s Protection from Psalm 91

About the Author

Donna is a sought-after speaker, multi-published author, and Bible teacher. Her path from unchurched to becoming passionate about sharing Jesus was difficult. Read about her God-breathed journey: “From Unchurched to Becoming a Multi-Published Author and Sought-After Speaker.” If you want to send Donna a quick message, visit her here.

{Some of these links are affiliate links. If you purchase through that link, the ministry may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you.}

Aside from being a fun word to pronounce for speakers of modern English, Ziz is an actual place that appears in the Bible. However, there is more to the story than Bible references to Ziz.

Ziz also appears as one of the mythical creatures in Jewish lore. Let’s look at Ziz as a place, high priestly breastplate, and giant griffin-like bird of Jewish mythology.

Ziz: An Ancient Road in the Bible

The Bible references to Ziz in the Old Testament: “Tomorrow march down against them. They will be climbing up by the Pass of Ziz, and you will find them at the end of the gorge in the Desert of Jeruel” (2 Chronicles 20:16). 

If you love serious bible study using maps, here’s your chance! Ziz is a mountain pass used during marauding expeditions by the Ammonites, a horde of Moabites, and Meunites. They used the actual ascent of Ziz to attack Jerusalem during the reign of King Jehoshaphat.

The context suggests that the pass was a strategic link between Jerusalem and En Gedi. The cliff of Ziz rises on the western shores of the Dead Sea in the wilderness of Judea (2 Chronicles 20:2). The end of the valley (or wadi) is associated with the ascent of Ziz. It lays east of the wilderness of Judah and the wilderness of Tekoa. 

In present day Israel, Ziz is specifically associated with a military road. It is located east of the wilderness of Jeruel constructed during the Israelite monarchic period. The present steep pass winds for more than a mile, covering less than half a mile “as the crow flies.” 

Ziz and the High Priest’s Breastplate

The second way that the Bible references to Ziz relates to the clergy. Biblical texts go into elaborate detail regarding the high priest’s required dress as he served God. Above all it differed from an ordinary priest’s dress in both content and level of elaborate ornament. 

The “ziz” was a golden plate fastened to the high priest’s “mitre.” The mitre (or headgear) was shaped like the inverted calyx of a flower. The ziz was attached by two ribbons of blue lace (symbolizing royalty). The ziz was two fingers wide and reached from temple to temple.

Interestingly, the word “ziz” also means flower. The golden plate called a “ziz” was fastened to the high priest’s headgear which was shaped like a flower. 

Ziz in Jewish Mythology

Like American folklore, Jewish oral traditions provide fascinating study. Primordial beasts are common in ancient writing. They provide great stories around a nighttime campfire! Early Christians likely heard these stories of Jewish mythology. 

Three great beasts are mentioned in the Bible and Jewish mythology. There are references to a beast of the sea, a beast of the land, and a beast of the air. Each primordial creature could fill fascinating bible stories. 

Ziz is allegedly the beast in the animal kingdom that ruled over creatures of the air. It appears under two interchangeable names in the Bible. Ziz is also known as Bar Yochnei. It is mentioned in the original Hebrew in Psalm 80:14 (though generally lost in the English translation)

It is unclear who or what is referenced as the “Ziz” in the Hebrew biblical text However, Jewish sages understood Ziz to be a giant bird. Ziz was so big that its wingspan could block out the sun. The Talmud tells the story of an egg of Ziz so big that its contents drowned sixty cities and broke 300 cedar trees. 

The most famous beast in the Old Testament is Leviathan (or twisting serpent of the water). Leviathan represents evil. It could be terrifying to a group of travelers on the sea. And it could shock a child of God with a limited understanding of the Bible, Leviathan represents evil. 

Bottom Line

There is no mention of Ziz in the Apocrypha books. Ziz does not appear in any teaching of Jesus, or in the history of the patriarchs. However, a quick bible search feature reveals that Ziz is mentioned in one verse in the original King James version of the Bible.

It’s fun to take a field trip outside of traditional Bible lessons to hear stories of giant mythical birds and a fleeing serpent. Perhaps one day you will visit Israel for a quick drive along the ascent of Ziz!

Related Posts:

• The Lineage of Jacob and His Family Tree
• Warriors in the Bible: 13 Essential Life Lessons to Learn
• The Biblical Meaning of Rainbows and Double Rainbows

About the Author

Donna is a sought-after speaker, multi-published author, and Bible teacher. Her path from unchurched to becoming passionate about sharing Jesus was difficult. Read about her God-breathed journey: “From Unchurched to Becoming a Multi-Published Author and Sought-After Speaker.” If you want to send Donna a quick message, visit her here.

{Some of these links are affiliate links. If you purchase through that link, the ministry may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you.}

If you have spent any time in Bible study, chances are you have come across the number 8 several times. So what does the number 8 mean and signify in the Bible?

Both the Old Testament and New Testament contain several references to the number 8. There are many theories surrounding the numerology of prophecy, but we will stick to what we see in the text of Scripture.

Contents

• Biblical Meaning of the Number 8
• What Does the 8th Day Represent in the Bible?
• Where Does the Number 8 Appear in the Bible?

Biblical Meaning of the Number 8

Scholars have spent significant time understanding the meaning of numbers in the Word of God. 

The number 8 usually represents a new beginning. It is often linked to a brighter future, new horizons, and a new life in general. In the historic Christian Church, the number 8 also represents Jesus’ resurrection.

I also discovered something that I didn’t know before: many church baptismal fonts are eight-sided to signify a fresh start and spiritual life. Now I will be counting font sides in every church I visit!

I clearly remember my baptism at 23 years old on Palm Sunday, one week before Easter Sunday. It was the beginning of a new era and work of the Lord in my life.

What Does the 8th Day Represent in the Bible?

The eighth day is the day associated with the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and His ascension. It is also the number of a new beginning and the dawn of the new creation that appears for the first time in the Book of Genesis. 

The eighth day has long been associated with the number of new beginnings, namely the eternal life that God alone provides.

The eighth day also held a special meaning for the children of Israel as the day that every male child was circumcised. Jewish traditions of circumcision continue today, alongside Christians across the globe: 

“This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised. You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you. He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Every male throughout your generations, whether born in your house or bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring” (Genesis 17:10-12).

Circumcision on the eighth day is also mentioned by the Apostle Paul: “For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical. But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter. His praise is not from man but from God” (Romans 2:28-29).  

The shape of the baptismal font then reflects this “circumcision of the heart” and the new birth of water and the Holy Spirit that takes place in baptism.

Where Does the Number 8 Appear in the Bible?

The biblical meaning of number 8 begins in Genesis and goes into the New Testament. Here are the most significant and familiar occurrences of the number 8.

1. The Great Flood

The number eight recalls Noah’s ark and how eight people were saved from the Great Flood. “When God’s patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water” (1 Peter 3:20).

Genesis chapter 6 tells us, “Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight, and the earth was filled with violence. And God saw the earth, and behold, it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth. And God said to Noah, “I have determined to make an end of all flesh, for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth” (Genesis 6:11-13). 

The story of Noah reveals our Lord God tearing down the corruption of the world and starting over with only eight faithful people. A new covenant, a new order, and a bright future.

2. Jesus’ Resurrection

Sunday is the first day of the week. It was the eighth day after Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem. After Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection on Easter Sunday, He appeared to Mary Magdalene and His disciples a total of eight times before His ascension.

• Mark 16:9 – “Now when he rose early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.” 
• Matthew 28:9-10 – “And behold, Jesus met them and said, “Greetings!” And they came up and took hold of his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said to them, “Do not be afraid; go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee, and there they will see me.”
• Luke 24:13-15 – “That very day two of them were going to a village named Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem, and they were talking with each other about all these things that had happened. While they were talking and discussing together, Jesus himself drew near and went with them.”
• John 20:19 – “On the evening of that day, the first day of the week, the doors being locked where the disciples were for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood among them and said to them, ‘Peace be with you.'” 
• Mark 16:14 – “Afterward he appeared to the eleven themselves as they were reclining at table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who saw him after he had risen.”
• John 21:1 – “After this Jesus revealed himself again to the disciples by the Sea of Tiberias.”
• Matthew 28:16-17 – “Now the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain to which Jesus had directed them. And when they saw him they worshiped him, but some doubted.”
• Acts 1:3 – “He presented himself alive to them after his suffering by many proofs, appearing to them during forty days and speaking about the kingdom of God.”

3. Feast of Tabernacles

The Feast of Tabernacles celebrated by the Israelites (and is still celebrated to this day) takes place over the course of seven days. 

On the day after, another feast is celebrated, known as the Last Great Day, so all in all, this makes for an eight-day celebration.

Jesus spoke on this Last Great Day: “On the last day of the feast, the great day, Jesus stood up and cried out, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink” (John 7:37).

4. The Beatitudes

The number 8 is also associated with the Beatitudes. The Beatitudes are a set of eight statements attributed to Jesus. Each of these statements contains a blessing for a particular group of people. 

The eight Beatitudes appear in chapter 5 of the Gospel of Matthew. Four of the Beatitudes are also listed in the Gospel of Luke 6:22.

• “Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5:3).
• “Blessed are the meek: for they shall possess the land” (Matthew 5:4).
• “Blessed are they who mourn: for they shall be comforted” (Matthew 5:5).
• “Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice: for they shall have their fill” (Matthew 5:6).
• “Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy” (Matthew 5:7).
• “Blessed are the clean of heart: for they shall see God” (Matthew 5:8).
• “Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God” (Matthew 5:9).
• “Blessed are they that suffer persecution for justice’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 5:10).

Bottom Line

Numbers can contain significant meaning in the Bible. However, nothing is more significant than the perfect life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ to redeem us from our sins. God bless your study time.

Related Posts:

• Best Bible Reading Plans
• Warriors in the Bible: 13 Essential Life Lessons to Learn
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About the Author

Donna is a sought-after speaker, multi-published author, and Bible teacher. Her path from being unchurched to becoming passionate about sharing Jesus was not easy. Read about her God-breathed journey: “From Unchurched to Becoming a Multi-Published Author and Sought-After Speaker.” If you want to send Donna a quick message, then visit her here.

{Some of these links are affiliate links. This means if you purchase through that link, the ministry may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you.}

If you have ever studied the Old Testament, you have probably noticed that some of the longest and hardest names in the Bible reside there. 

Yes, the New Testament contains some unique biblical names, but the Old Testament takes the cake! Here are the top ten longest and hardest names, along with Bible verses reference.

1. Maher-shalal-hash-baz

Did you try to pronounce it? Wow! The name Mahershalalhashbaz is found twice in the book of Isaiah:

Then the Lord said to me, “Take a large tablet and write on it in common characters, ‘Belonging to Maher-shalal-hash-baz.’ And I will get reliable witnesses, Uriah the priest and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah, to attest for me.” And I went to the prophetess, and she conceived and bore a son. Then the Lord said to me, “Call his name Maher-shalal-hash-baz” (Isaiah 8:1-3, ESV).

Out of all Isaiah’s sons, I think I would have preferred Isaac. But here, God instructs Isaiah to give his second son this unique name containing eighteen letters and six syllables. That is a long name!

Before Maher-shalal-hash-baz was even conceived, God told Isaiah the boy’s name which means “Swift to the spoil, quick to the plunder.” Born during the Syro-Ephraimite War involving Syria, Israel, and the Assyrian Empire, it prophesied Israel’s fall to the king of Assyria, Tiglath-Pileser III, in 732 BC.

2. Cushan-rishathaim

Is it wrong that I keep pronouncing it like the flower chrysanthemum? This proper name is the second-longest name in the Bible and appears in Judges:

“Therefore the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia. And the people of Israel served Cushan-rishathaim eight years. But when the people of Israel cried out to the Lord, the Lord raised up a deliverer for the people of Israel, who saved them, Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother. The Spirit of the Lord was upon him, and he judged Israel. He went out to war, and the Lord gave Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand. And his hand prevailed over Cushan-rishathaim” (Judges 3:8-10, ESV).  

This king of northwest Mesopotamia was the first oppressor of the Israelites after they settled in the Promised Land (Canaan). God allowed the children of Israel to fall under the punishment of this king for eight years for idol worship until their hearts turned back toward God.

3. Zaphenath-paneah 

In the number three spot of long names and long words appears a well-known character. I learned this name when I studied the story of Joseph in Genesis, where it appears in only one Bible verse:

“And Pharaoh called Joseph’s name Zaphenath-paneah. And he gave him in marriage Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On. So Joseph went out over the land of Egypt” (Genesis 41:45, ESV). 

When Pharaoh elevated Joseph to the prime minister of Egypt ahead of the seven-year famine, Pharaoh replaced the Hebrew name “Joseph” with this whopper.

Given by Pharaoh, the name seems to be Egyptian, but the exact meaning is unclear. Most scholars agree that it generally means, “the man to whom mysteries are revealed.” Since God gave Joseph the gift of interpreting dreams, that meaning certainly makes sense.

Find my Bible study on Joseph, “Meant for Good,” here.

4. Merodach-baladan

This man was a king of Babylon and is mentioned in the book of Isaiah:

“At that time Merodach-baladan the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent envoys with letters and a present to Hezekiah, for he heard that he had been sick and had recovered” (Isaiah 39:1, ESV).

Merodach-Baladan II was king of Babylonia from 721-710 BC. One of the interesting facts about him is that he also served as king for only nine months in 703 BC. He is best known for maintaining Babylonian independence against the Assyrian military supremacy for more than a decade. 

5. Tiglath-pileser

Another tongue twister, this name is found in the book of 1 Chronicles:

“Beerah his son, whom Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria carried away into exile; he was a chief of the Reubenites. … And when they prevailed over them, the Hagrites and all who were with them were given into their hands, for they cried out to God in the battle, and he granted their urgent plea because they trusted in him” (1 Chronicles 5:6, 20, ESV).

Tiglath-pileser was the king of Assyria during 745-727 BC. He inaugurated the last and greatest phase of Assyrian Expansion as he merged the kingdoms of Assyria and Babylonia. He amassed vast wealth as he conquered neighboring lands.

6. Nebuchadnezzar

Finally, a name that we are familiar with probably because it appears over 90 times in the Old Testament. This name occurs 39 times in Jeremiah and 30 times in Daniel, along with seven other books.

“At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up to Jerusalem, and the city was besieged. And Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to the city while his servants were besieging it…and carried off all the treasures of the house of the Lord and the treasures of the king’s house, and cut in pieces all the vessels of gold in the temple of the Lord, which Solomon king of Israel had made, as the Lord had foretold. He carried away all Jerusalem and all the officials and all the mighty men of valor, 10,000 captives, and all the craftsmen and the smiths. None remained, except the poorest people of the land” (2 Kings 24:10-11, 13-14, ESV).

He was the most famous Babylonian king, as well as one of the most powerful rulers to ever appear on the world stage. He carried off Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, among thousands of others. Yet like all kings, Nebuchadenzzar’s might was nothing compared to Israel’s Mighty God.

7. Mephibosheth

This also may be a familiar name if you know King David’s story. Mephibosheth was the son of Jonathan, grandson of King Saul, who was crippled in his feet. He appears fourteen times in Scripture:

“And David said, “Is there still anyone left of the house of Saul, that I may show him kindness for Jonathan’s sake?” (2 Samuel 9:1, ESV). 

Though not brothers, David loved Jonathan like a brother. After David became king of Israel, he wanted to honor Jonathan’s memory by honoring any surviving family members. David promised Mephibosheth:

“I will show you kindness for the sake of your father Jonathan, and I will restore to you all the land of Saul your father, and you shall eat at my table always” (2 Samuel 9:7, ESV).

8. Chedorlaomer

Appearing five times in the book of Genesis, Chedorlaomer was a king of Elam:

“In the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, these kings made war with Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar). And all these joined forces in the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea). Twelve years they had served Chedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled” (Genesis 14:1-4, ESV).

In the 14th year, Chedorlaomer and three allies, Amraphel of Shinar, Arioch from Ellasar, and Tidal of Goiim, put down the rebellion. Among Chedorlaomer’s captives was Abraham’s nephew Lot, who had been living nearby. 

9. Hazarmaveth

The thirteenth son of Joktan (son of Eber, son of Shem, son of Noah), Hazarmaveth appears twice. Both times his appearance is in the context of Noah’s lineage:

“Joktan fathered Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Sheba, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan” (1 Chronicles 1:20-23, ESV).

A very interesting fact about Hazarmaveth is that his name means “court of death.” However, Scripture does not reveal why he was given this name.

10. Ammishaddai

Appearing five times in the book of Numbers, our number ten spot of long Biblical names comes from the Tribe of Dan:

“On the north side shall be the standard of the camp of Dan by their companies, the chief of the people of Dan being Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai” (Numbers 2:25, ESV). 

Ammishaddai was the father of Ahiezer, who was chief of the Danites at the time of the Exodus. This is one of the few names compounded with the name of God, Shaddai, “Almighty.” 

Bottom line, there are some long names in the Bible. These are just the top 10! I hope you have fun exploring the Bible for even more.

Related Posts:

• Best Bible Reading Plans
• How Many Chapters and Verses Are There in the Bible?
• What Happened to Queen Esther in the Bible story?

About the Author

Donna is a sought-after speaker, multi-published author, and Bible teacher. Her path from being unchurched to becoming passionate about sharing Jesus was not easy. Read about her God-breathed journey: “From Unchurched to Becoming a Multi-Published Author and Sought-After Speaker.” If you want to send Donna a quick message, then visit her here.

{Some of these links are affiliate links. This means if you purchase through that link, the ministry may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you.}