Is the Lord’s Prayer in the Old ​Testament?

The beautiful roots of the Lord’s Prayer in the Old ​Testament are clearly evident. Though the actual prayer appears only in the New Testament, its roots go way back.

That may come as a surprise, but Jesus was raised in the Jewish culture. Remembering that He shared that same Jewish heritage with the very disciples who asked how to pray helps your understanding. Let’s look closer.

In Matthew 6 and Luke 11, Jesus instructs His disciples (and disciples today) how to pray. Arguably the most well-known prayer around the world, it is also known as the Our Father Prayer. 

The Lord’s Prayer

From Matthew’s Gospel: “Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil” (Matthew 6:9-13, ESV).

From Luke’s Gospel: “Father, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Give us each day our daily bread, and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation” (Luke 11:2-4, ESV). 

The Context

Throughout the Gospels, Jesus Christ regularly went off to a quiet place to pray His own prayers. He understood that God’s help to carry out God’s will demanded significant time with His Heavenly Father. 

Jesus was doing exactly this when the disciples approached Him and asked: “Lord, teach us to pray” (Luke 11:1, ESV). Without hesitation, Jesus instructed them in this powerful prayer.

He did not propose a magic formula; rather, a model prayer to surrender your life to the will of God.

Christian traditions have added a closing phrase: “For Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.” 

Jesus was sent first to the Jews (Romans 1:16; Matthew 15:24), and he was speaking to disciples who were Jewish. Those men of faith and passionate children of God had their feet firmly planted in Old Testament truth.

Old Testament Roots

When Jesus answered His disciples’ question, He framed it in a familiar Jewish context. The Jewish law (The Torah) reigned supreme and taught the elements that all Jews were to include in their prayers. 

Jesus was raised Jewish, as were Jesus’ disciples. Though the Lord’s Prayer is a short prayer, it contains many of the Jewish elements. Reading the Jewish Bible in English is helpful.

The Torah refers to prayer as “the service of the heart.” It was considered an act suffused with love and reverence much like a child approaching a loving parent. 

Originally, the mitzvah to pray did not include any specific times, nor was there a defined text. Every individual chose his or her own words with which to address the Creator. 

There was, though, a standard format for prayer: praise for God, followed by asking Him for all one’s needs, followed by expressing gratitude for all God has done for His people—both collectively and individually.

Here are the elements of the Lord’s Prayer, along with the Old Testament Bible verses that show just how grounded it is in the Old Testament.

Our Father

God’s name is central and the most important element so “Our Father” comes first. The Jews never uttered the proper name of God (even today) to avoid blasphemy. 

Consequently, they proclaimed God as “our Father”, as well:

• “For you are our Father, though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not acknowledge us; you, O Lord, are our Father, our Redeemer from of old is Your name” (Isaiah 63:16, ESV). 
• “But now, O Lord, You are our Father; we are the clay, and you are out potter; we are all the work of Your hand” (Isaiah 64:8, ESV).

Who Art in Heaven

Christ Jesus also affirmed to His disciples during His earthly ministry that God reigned in the kingdom of heaven. We also see this repeatedly in the Old Testament:

• “O Lord, God of our fathers, are you not God in heaven? You rule over all the kingdoms of the nations. In your hand are power and might, so that none is able to withstand you” (2 Chronicles 20:6, ESV).
• “Our God is in the heavens; He does all that He pleases” (Psalm 115:3, ESV).
• “For thus says the One who is high and lifted up, who inhabits eternity, whose name is Holy: ‘I dwell in the high and holy place’” (Isaiah 57:15, ESV). 
• “Thus says the Lord: ‘Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool'” (Isaiah 66:1, ESV). 

Hallowed Be Thy Name

Holiness is not simply an attribute of God; rather it is the very nature of God. He is the One True God who laid the foundation of the world. Jesus included this truth as part of the prayer:

• “^​And you shall not profane my holy name, that I may be sanctified among the people of Israel. I am the Lord who sanctifies you” (Leviticus 22:32, ESV). 
• “And your name will be magnified forever, saying, ‘The Lord of hosts is God over Israel,’ and the house of your servant David will be established before you” (2 Samuel 7:26, ESV).
• “And one called to another and said: ‘Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory!’” (Isaiah 6:3, ESV). 

Thy Kingdom Come

As the Bread of Life, Jesus’ prayer bridged the Word of God beautifully between the Old and New Testaments. Consequently, he taught these founders of the early church about the coming kingdom of God:

• “And in the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed, nor shall the kingdom be left to another people. It shall break in pieces all these kingdoms and bring them to an end, and it shall stand forever” (Daniel 2:44, ESV). 
• “Behold, your King is coming to you; righteous and having salvation is He, humble and mounted on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey” (Zechariah 9:9, ESV). 

Thy Will Be Done

God’s will and God’s plan will never change nor fail. By including those truths in the Lord’s Prayer, Jesus conveyed that the new covenant believers were to trust God’s perfect will for everyday life, just as believers of old:

• “He does according to His will among the host of heaven and among the inhabitants of the earth” (Daniel 4:35, ESV). 
• “Teach me to do Your will, for You are my God! Let Your good Spirit lead me on level ground!” (Psalm 143:10, ESV).

On Earth As It Is In Heaven

Jesus knew that it would be helpful for His disciples to understand that a believer’s walk is not always going to be easy. Nor was it during Old Testament times. 

God’s will on earth unmistakably reigns supreme, just as it does in heaven. This means that God will protect us from all evil – even to the point of sacrificing His only Son.

Martin Luther put it this way: “If we would be Christians, therefore, we must surely expect and count on having the devil with all his angels and the world as our enemies.”

• “You are the Lord, you alone. You have made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them” (Nehemiah 9:6, ESV). 
• “He does according to His will among the host of heaven and among the inhabitants of the earth” (Daniel 4:35, ESV). 

Our Daily Bread

​Because of Jesus, the Bread of Life, we have the good news of His presence and God’s love. 

• “This is what the Lord has commanded: ‘Gather of it, each one of you, as much as he can eat. You shall each take an omer, according to the number of the persons that each of you has in his tent’” (Exodus 16:16, ESV).
• “He will dwell on the heights; his place of defense will be the fortresses of rocks; his bread will be given him; his water will be sure” (Isaiah 33:16, ESV). 

Forgive Us Our Debts

We cannot wipe our own sin away. We cannot cleanse our souls from it, either. Only God can do that. 

Just as the prophets of old fell on their faces before God asking for forgiveness of sins, we do likewise today. Not just to assuage a guilty conscience, but so that God can remove that sin and wash us white as snow.

Keeping open, honest communication with God in prayer and confession, God’s forgiveness washes over us without hesitation. Jesus knew the disciples would desperately need to know that even when they sinned, they could still carry out Jesus’ ministry.

• “Keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin” (Exodus 34:7, ESV).
• “And listen to the plea of your servant and of your people Israel, when they pray toward this place. And listen in heaven your dwelling place, and when you hear, forgive” (1 Kings 8:30, ESV). 
• “Who forgives all your iniquity, who heals all your diseases, who redeems your life from the pit, who crowns you with steadfast love and mercy” (Psalm 103:3-4, ESV). 

As We Forgive Our Debtors

​Forgiving those who have hurt us can be one of the hardest things we ever face. In fact, I wrote a whole book about forgiveness as a Bible study. 

However, forgiving others with a sincere heart frees us from the cage of anger and bitterness. Unforgiveness hurts ourselves, not the offender.

See my post: What Does the Bible Say About Forgive and Forget?

Just as God told His people in the Old Testament, Jesus reminds His disciples today that we need to extend forgiveness as relentlessly as He does.

• “Please forgive the trespass of your servant. For the Lord will certainly make my lord a sure house, because my lord is fighting the battles of the Lord” (1 Samuel 25:28, ESV). 
• “Then they said, ‘We will restore these and require nothing from them. We will do as you say‘” (Nehemiah 5:12, ESV). 

Lead Us Not Into Temptation

Jesus knew from firsthand experience that our spiritual enemy tirelessly tempts us.

With perfect wisdom, He knew that His disciples (both then and now) would need the strength of God Almighty to withstand it, just as believers had for centuries.

• “For those who guide this people have been leading them astray, and those who are guided by them are swallowed up” (Isaiah 9:16, ESV). 
• “A man of violence entices his neighbor and leads him in a way that is not good” (Proverbs 16:29, ESV). 

But Deliver Us From Evil

Anyone who does not believe that evil exists has not read Scripture.

Again, Jesus bridges the Old and New Testaments by warning that it not only exists but that only God can deliver believers from it.

• “The Lord will keep you from all evil; he will keep your life” (Psalm 121:7, ESV). 
• “I will deliver you out of the hand of the wicked, and redeem you from the grasp of the ruthless” (Jeremiah 15:21, ESV). 

Kingdom, Power, and Glory

Although the Gospel of Matthew does not record the end of the Lord’s Prayer as we say it today, the words are still rooted in Old Testament truth. The power and glory of God were brilliantly displayed as He rescued the Israelites from Egypt. 

His Kingdom, power, and glory shone brightest as He resurrected our Savior Jesus from the grave.

• “Yours, O Lord, is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is Yours. Yours is the kingdom, O Lord” (1 Chronicles 29:11, ESV).
• “And to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him” (Daniel 7:14, ESV). 

Forever and Ever

Our Triune God existed before the timeline of eternity was even established.

Just as the Israelites learned in the Old Testament, Jesus wanted New Testament believers to know that He is the same yesterday, today, and for all eternity.

• “But the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever, forever and ever” (Daniel 7:18, ESV). 

Even though this common prayer that we share known as the Lord’s Prayer was memorialized by Jesus in the New Testament, all of the elements are rooted in God’s teaching since the days of Moses and the Patriarchs.

If you have not savored the words of the Lord’s Prayer recently, take some time right now to say it aloud slowly. And if you struggle keeping a regular prayer life, the Lord’s Prayer is a great place to start.

Let the full assurance of God’s grace and forgiveness take on a special meaning for you today.

Related Posts:

• 7 Essential Elements of Prayer (Plus Free Download)
• 10 Powerful Prayers for Repentance and Restoration
• What Does the Bible Say About Adultery and Forgiveness?
• Warriors in the Bible: 13 Essential Life Lessons to Learn

About the Author
Donna is a sought-after author, speaker, and Bible teacher. Her path from being unchurched to becoming passionate about sharing Jesus was not easy. Read her God-breathed journey: “From Unchurched to Becoming a Multi-Published Author and Sought-After Speaker.” If you want to send Donna a quick message, then visit her here.

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